The night before his test, Joe took pictures of his notes and put those pictures on his smartwatch. While taking the test the next day, Joe checks his notes on his smartwatch to make sure he is using the right formulas on the test. Is Joe cheating?

Shawna’s writing a paper on Shakespeare’s historical context for her English Lit course. She finds several good resources online and downloads them. She cuts a few paragraphs and pastes them in her paper. She does not cite the sources. Is Shawna cheating?

Paul is working on a take-home test for math. He asks his girlfriend Grace, who’s a math major, to double check his calculations on several problems. She checks his answers and doesn’t find any errors. Is Paul cheating?

Brian studies hard every day for a week leading up to his big test. During the test, the person next to him drops their paper and Brian picks it up to hand it back to the person next to him. Is Brian cheating?

Ashley is taking a test in a quiet corner of the learning center. She doesn’t know the answer to one of the questions, so she texts her friend Phillip and asks for help. Phillip doesn’t respond. Is Ashley cheating?